To some degree, fate conspired against Bernie Sanders’ second run at the presidency, but it was always going to be difficult for him to win the nomination. From the very beginning of the contest, I played up his chances precisely because the field was so crowded that it put him in a commanding position. He was likely to hit the 15 percent minimum threshold for delegates in almost every congressional district in the country, and the only other candidate who was similarly positioned was Joe Biden. For this reason, I said they were likely to be the finalists, and they were.

Joshua Holland correctly identifies a fatal flaw in the Sanders strategy when he points to his reliance on winning a plurality (perhaps as small as 30 percent) of the delegates. His team actually thought the likeliest course to victory was to win a contested convention, and they planned accordingly. This plan could only work if the field remained large for the majority of the contest, with several candidates consistently earning delegates.

Biden’s plan was far more plausible. He’d do better as a second choice than Sanders and grow in comparative strength as the field winnowed. Part of that plan included maintaining good relations with the other candidates so that they would be more willing to step aside from him, more likely to endorse him, and their supporters were less likely to be alienated.

Sanders didn’t really consider a plan for winning the majority of the delegates, and he certainly never implemented such a plan. Holland mentions a variety of mistakes and missteps that Sanders made along the way, but they broadly fall into the same category. He was banking on being a plurality nominee, and he thought his preexisting 2016 vote was a floor on which he could build. Neither assumption was safe.

Much of his 2016 vote was basically a protest vote against Hillary Clinton. Only some of that transferred to a protest against Joe Biden, and what remained was divvied up among many alternatives. Thus, Sanders was operating at a floor in the high teens, which wasn’t even at the 30 percent level he thought he needed. Then, because he didn’t court the other candidates or their supporters, and he did not do much to win over even progressive endorsements in Congress, he discovered that he gained almost nothing when his challengers began dropping out.

Ultimately, none of those challengers endorsed him or instructed their followers to support him, and that was what killed his chances.

To be more precise, pretty much everything Sanders did was in some way a failure to prevent that outcome, so the refusal to broaden his appeal or work on personal relationships is the real culprit.

Holland’s point is that none of this is necessarily transferrable to some other left-wing progressive candidate, and that’s true. There’s no reason a progressive can’t be good at making friends in the Democratic caucus, nor any reason they can’t craft a strategy based on winning over other people’s followers when they drop out. No one forced Sanders to adopt an overly optimistic assessment of his own standing in the Democratic electorate, nor to pursue a strategy based on the presumption that the field would remain crowded.

Any candidate who insists on running a hard anti-corporate campaign that threatens powerful industries will face many of the same challenges no matter what approach they choose, but that is not what doomed Sanders. It was a flawed campaign based on a bad reading of the electorate. Its inflexibility was seen as a virtue by some, but was inexcusable as plan for victory.

With Democrats saying emphatically that electability was key for them in this cycle, the idea that you’d be convincing when you’re not even hoping to win a majority of Democrats was laughable. Everything had to be about demonstrating your ability to reach voters outside of your base, and at the very least you had to create the perception that this was possible. Sanders did not seriously try.

In the future, we will find a cycle more interested in taking chances, and we may find a progressive who is more savvy about what victory is going to take. Nothing about Sanders’ failed campaign should really discourage progressives from thinking it’s possible to have a winning candidate.