In my years as a political writer and prognosticator, I’ve come across many models that purport to predict who will win a presidential election irrespective of the particular candidates involved. I’ve seen countless retrospective pieces that argue that candidate x had virtually no chance against candidate y due to conditions outside of their control. Pollsters ask certain questions, like the right direction/wrong direction query, to establish the mood of the electorate, but they also look at GDP growth, the unemployment level, differential base enthusiasm, and other metrics. They look at the advantage of incumbency versus the difficulty of one party winning more than two elections in a row.

Some of these models have a good track record, although they always suffer from small sample sizes since we only hold presidential elections every four years. For that reason, the idiosyncrasies of the cycles and the candidates always need to be considered. Barack Obama was a far better campaigner than John Kerry, and Bill Clinton was more gifted on the stump than Michael Dukakis, but Kerry might have won in 2008 and Dukakis might have won in 1992.

Over time, the shape of the two parties’ bases evolve, and this also needs to be considered. Currently, the Republicans do best with older voters. This has helped them squeak out victories in Florida in 2000, 2004, and 2016 that were critical to their success. But older voters are not feeling very positive about Donald Trump at the moment. Not only are they the most vulnerable population to the Covid-19 virus, but they can see their children or grandchildren. They can’t engage in their normal social and recreational activities.

Older Americans are profoundly uncomfortable, unhappy, and stressed at the moment, and this ought to be considered in much the same way that we look at economic metrics as a predictor of presidential election outcomes. A president has minimal impact on the overall business cycle, but we recognize that they can be both the victims or the beneficiaries of chance and fortune. Poppy Bush and John McCain had recessions hit at the wrong moment, and it made people less inclined to vote for them. Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton’s reelection efforts were assisted by good economic conditions. Donald Trump is going to have a problem with older voters for the same reason. We can point to his missteps in handling the crisis, but even a president who was credited for doing a good job would take a big hit with any population that is in a foul mood.

The same can be said for people who are still in the workforce who have lost their jobs or businesses, but Trump seems to be more aware of this problem. It’s why he’s pushing so hard to reopen the economy without appropriate regard for the advice of health professionals. He feels like 20 percent unemployment will doom him even if he succeeds in limiting the death toll. But even if this were a tradeoff that would actually work (and it isn’t), the strategy ignores how it impacts older voters. And Trump needs these older voters to support him in big numbers if he wants to win Florida and several other critical states.

If Trump had pursued the New Zealand model, he wouldn’t be in this position. The way to protect both the economy and his political fortunes was to shut everything down quickly and ramp up testing and contact tracing. Since he failed to take that approach, he has fallen decisively behind Joe Biden in the polls, and faces a profoundly stressed electorate. The metrics are going to predict a loss based on economic conditions alone, but erosion with his elderly base should also present a near insurmountable barrier to success.

Having barely won in 2016 in near-miraculous fashion, Trump’s path to reelection was always going to be perilous, but given he was impeached and has mobilized his opponents at every opportunity, he was always going to be dependent on a strong economy to carry him through. Prior to the outbreak, many models looked good for him for precisely this reason, but it blinded him when the time came to manage this crisis. It’s still blinding him. He cannot will a good economy back into existence.