A Hawaiian precedent from the 1960 presidential election could provided some legal cover.
Andrew McCarthy is right about one thing. It will be difficult to successfully prosecute the fake elector scheme. To understand why, you need to know what happened in Hawaii during the 1960 presidential election.
The November 8th matchup between Sen. John F. Kennedy and Vice-President Richard M. Nixon was Hawaii’s first shot at choosing a U.S. president but we might have expected it go smoother than it did. It was the sixth time the 50th state’s voters had gone to the polls in 25 months, including their vote to approve statehood. Turnout was extremely high, estimated at over 93 percent of eligible voters.
The first count had Kennedy up by 92 votes, but that didn’t last. After some errors in the tabulation sheets were discovered, Nixon had a lead of 141 votes. Then more discrepancies turned up and the Democrats protested. On November 22, they requested a recount. However, before the recount was concluded Republican Acting Governor James Kealoha certified Nixon’s victory. When the safe harbor date came on December 13, the results were still being litigated and only Nixon’s slate of electors had been certified.
Republicans argued that the litigation should end, since even if the recount should result in a Kennedy victory, under the rules of the Electoral Count Act, Congress was required to presume that the Republican electors were the validly appointed electors for Hawaii.
However, the following day, the presiding circuit court judge Ronald B. Jamieson ordered a partial recount to begin. A limited retabulation showed Nixon’s margin over Kennedy decreasing, and as more ballots were opened and retabulated on subsequent days, Nixon’s lead shrank and eventually disappeared. By December 18, the partial recount showed Kennedy leading Nixon in the state by 55 votes.
In 1960, December 19 was the day all the Electoral College electors met in their respective state capitals and cast their votes, but in Hawaii the recount was ongoing. With Kennedy in the lead and good reason to believe his lead would hold, the state faced a dilemma. Should they cast their votes for Nixon whose victory was already certified and protected by the safe harbor rule, or should they cast them for Kennedy whose victory wasn’t certain and whose electors could be challenged in Congress?
Judge Jamieson sensibly ordered a statewide recount to settle once and for all who had actually won, and in the meantime, both Kennedy and Nixon’s electors met at Iolani Palace in Honolulu and cast competing slates. Both slates were sent to Washington DC.
When the statewide recount was concluded on December 28, it showed that Kennedy had won by a margin of 115 votes.
Based on this recount, Jamieson ordered that the Democratic slate…be named the validly appointed presidential electors for the state of Hawaii on December 30. Attorney General Kashiwa declined to appeal the verdict, and [new] Governor William F. Quinn, a Republican, certified the Democratic slate of electors on January 4, 1961, in a letter to Administrator [of General Services Franklin] Floete. The state government also rushed a letter to Congress by air mail to indicate that a new certification was on its way.
During the Congressional joint session to tabulate electoral votes on January 6, 1961, Nixon (who presided over the session in his capacity as President of the Senate), presented both the Republican and Democratic electoral certificates. To head off the possibility of a floor objection by Democrats such as Representative Daniel K. Inouye, Nixon then requested and received unanimous consent from the joint session for the Democratic certificate to be counted and the Republican certificate to be set aside, though he specified that this was being done “without the intent of establishing a precedent.”
It’s fortunate that Hawaii’s electoral votes were not determinative of the winner of the presidential election or it could have been a much messier situation. As it stood, Nixon saw no profit in trying claim Hawaii’s electoral votes even though he could have easily objected that they had not been submitted in compliance with the Electoral Count Act and that only his slate had been properly certified.
Nixon took pains to note that his magnanimity should not establish a precedent, but it did establish a precedent. Congress had accepted a rival set of electors to the ones that had been certified, and that gave lawyers advising Trump an excuse to advocate creating “fake electors” just in case any of his long -shot voter fraud allegations panned out in court.
At least, that’s what they’ll argue in court if they’re ever indicted. After all, the Hawaii Democrats had their electors vote as if Kennedy had won “just in case” he actually won. Why couldn’t the Republicans do the same in Wisconsin, Arizona, Georgia and any other state where there were allegations of fraud? It had been a prudent course in Hawaii back in 1960, so wouldn’t it be prudent in 2020?
Obviously, there are huge differences between these two cases, but I think you can see there’s a pretty robust defense available at least for the lawyers who were providing options to President Trump.
To gain a conviction on this element of the coup attempt will require a demonstration that the fake elector scheme was a fraudulent ruse. It’s likely that having the fake electors convene and vote will not constitute a crime (because of the “just in case” defense), but having them actually send the votes to Washington DC might have been a criminal act.
That’s because, unlike the situation in Hawaii, there was no buy-in on the alternative set of electors from any governor or other responsible judge or election official. And the reason is that, unlike in 1960, there were no states where a recount had changed the result of a state’s election and therefore no real dispute that Biden and Harris were the true winners. Sending alternate slates was a simple act of fraud in furtherance of a coup attempt.
It’s a complicated thing to prosecute, for sure, and much will depend on what the evidence says about intent. McCarthy thinks Attorney General Merrick Garland is being pressured to prosecute a case he can’t win, but it’s not certain that convictions cannot be obtained. The fake elector scheme is also not the only indictable offense under consideration. Seditious conspiracy is a far more serious allegation and, maybe counterintuitively, it might be the easier case to make.