The world is united in wanting a Palestinian state, but Israelis no longer believe one can ever be trusted.
Two weeks before the October 7, 2023 Hamas attack on Israel, the Pew Research Center discussed survey results on Israeli public opinion about the prospects for a two-state solution.
Only 35% of Israelis think “a way can be found for Israel and an independent Palestinian state to coexist peacefully,” according to the survey, which was conducted in March and April, prior to the latest violence in the West Bank. That represents a decline of 9 percentage points since 2017 and 15 points since 2013.
The Israeli right showed the most movement. On the question of “the possibility of a peaceful coexistence between Israel and a Palestinian state,” 27 percent on the right had been optimistic in 2017 but only 14 percent remained so in the spring of 2023.
There are also large divides along ideological lines: 73% of Israelis on the political left say a way can be found for two states to coexist, compared with 53% of those in the center and 14% of those on the right.
These numbers are kind of irrelevant in the post-October 7 world. Obviously, Israelis of all ideological proclivities are now far less optimistic about peaceful coexistence. But, more importantly, they’re also less interested in peace.
“Israelis are in belligerent mood,” pollster Dahlia Scheindlin told POLITICO. She was speaking after a poll by the Israel Democracy Institute found that 75 percent of Jewish Israelis think the country should ignore mounting pressure from the United States to wind down the war in Gaza. And another poll by Gallup recently showed that 65 percent oppose the establishment of an independent Palestinian state.
In this sense, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is in tune with the public, even if he is blamed for the success of the October 7 attack. They agree with him that for the “foreseeable future…Israel must have security control over the entire territory west of the Jordan River.” That territory includes all of Gaza and all of the West Bank. They do not want a two-state solution, and Netanyahu promises to prevent one.
This puts Israel on an island. The United States is speaking ever more emphatically about a Palestinian state as a necessary part of ending hostilities, and it’s pitching normalization of relations with Saudi Arabia (and others) as part of the deal.
There is “no way” to solve Israel’s long-term security challenges in the region and the short-term challenges of rebuilding Gaza without the establishment of a Palestinian state, US State Department spokesperson Matthew Miller said on Thursday.
Speaking at a news briefing, Miller said Israel had an opportunity right now as countries in the region were ready to provide security assurances to Israel.
“There is no way to solve [Israel’s] long-term challenges to provide lasting security, and there is no way to solve the short-term challenges of rebuilding Gaza, of establishing governance in Gaza and of providing security for Gaza, without the establishment of a Palestinian state,” US State Department spokesman Matthew Miller said upon being asked to respond to Netanyahu at a press briefing.
Norwegian Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide was on point when he said, “The Israeli Prime Minister’s statements are out of step with an almost unified international community.”
Thus it appears that a solution is at hand if only Netanyahu would change his position or be replaced by a more moderate leader. But this is misleading. Israel’s political system is difficult to master in the best of times, and creating and maintaining a governing coalition in the Knesset is usually an excruciating process. It’s simply not possible to ignore overwhelming public sentiment against a two-state solution and remain in power. Truthfully, Netanyahu’s position may be the only reason he hasn’t already been forced out.
The problem is a complete disconnect between how the Israeli public perceives the situation and how basically everyone one else perceives it. Israelis feel completely insecure. At this point, they don’t even trust their own leadership to protect them. They think the Arabs demonstrated on October 7 how they really feel, and that trading land for peace is a sucker’s game that will undermine their ability to withstand future attacks.
The rest of the world thinks October 7 proved that Israel can never be secure until it goes back to the basic model of the Oslo Accords. And it matters that Israel’s allies are united in this opinion, because they need financial, military, and diplomatic aid from their allies. That will dry up pretty quickly if Israel refuses to accept the advice they’re getting.
As things stand, Israel faces charges from South Africa in the International Criminal Court that it has through “acts and omissions” committed acts that are “genocidal in character” against the people of Gaza. The case will not be resolved for years, but in the meantime the court could order Israel to stop its military actions in Gaza, allow more humanitarian assistance or take others actions to prevent genocide and incitement to genocide. If. Israel were to ignore these orders, their isolation would grow. It’s easy to foresee that allies would face increasing public pressure of their own not to aid and abet a presumptively genocidal government.
What needs to happen here is that Israeli public opinion needs to change. But it will only change in response to tangible, credible signs that they can trust security arrangements and agreements in the future. And the future in this case is pretty much forever, in perpetuity, for all time. That’s a very tall order, and nothing we’re seeing right now really comes close to satisfying it. Israel is still under constant rocket fire from Gaza and Lebanon. Hamas still has over a hundred hostages.
It’s a good start for America to line up regional Arab powers to offer peace and normalization in return for a Palestinian state, but the trust issue is a harder nut to crack. At the moment, Israeli believers in peace feel like dupes, and are perceived as fools. That’s a hard thing to change on a short timeline, and it requires something bolder that what’s on offer right now.