brinnainne incited me to write this.
Though today a topic popularly associated with Islam, the custom of women covering their heads predates the birth of the Prophet Mohammed by several millennia, at least.
As quoted in the Christian Bible, when St. Paul in his letter to the Corinthians says that women should cover their heads, he was not suggesting a new fashion trend, but expressing support for a long-standing tradition in the ancient Jewish community.
Some conservative Christians and Jews maintain the practice even today. I remember reading somewhere the story of a newly married Jewish lady, whose hair was naturally of an unattractive color and unlovely texture, when she married, she was obliged by custom to shave her head, and wear a wig, that being the prevailing form of headcovering in her community. She bewailed the absurdity of this requirement, ostensibly intended to prevent men from coveting her now unavailable and spoken for beauty, noting that her wig was much more beautiful than her natural hair had ever been, and wearing it, she now looked more glamorous and alluring than she ever had when sporting her own lank and mousy locks.
The subject of hijab in the context of Islam has been debated hotly and painstakingly over the centuries, many men with many degrees and accolades have produced rivers and oceans of arguments, winding and trilling and cascading them down and entwining them around the formidable quasi-math labyrinth that is Sharia, and this has, for the most part, had little effect. I am not going to discuss it here. Those who are interested can find plenty of monographs, treatises and debates on the subject, down to lively arguments over the meaning of this or that syllable of that or this Arabic word in the common usage of 1400 years ago. Enjoy.
The most widely held and shared interpretation is that both women and men should dress modestly, and obviously, this is something of a relative term, with the result that Muslim women tend to cover today whatever they covered before Islam, with some exceptions. One of the most interesting are some African communities where women still wear no clothing at all above their waist, but take great pains to ensure that every hair is invisible, tucked carefully into their hijab.
Other exceptions are to be found in many eastern cities, where all manner of dress can be seen, but a few miles away in the countryside, every female over the age of nine is swathed in the ancient robes of her pre-Islamic ancestors.
There is no denying that whether we are talking about ancient Nepal or ancient Israel, the covering of women does have an aspect of women as property, as a commercial product that is liable to being stolen or vandalized, and must therefore be kept in protective packaging.
But in desert climates where sandstorms are frequent, there is a very good reason for both men and women to cover their faces as well as their heads. 😉
There is, however, no reason other than cultural for western women, unless they are gardeners or fry cooks, to wear blouses. Most, however, choose to do so, especially in public, and few decry this as evidence of their internalized oppression throwing back to the days of women as chattel. (A condition, by the way, that Islam opposes, please see The Prophet Mohammed as Feminist)
Today, however, the question of hijab is simply the question of how an individual woman wishes to dress herself, whether for reasons of interpretation of scripture, culture, or sheer whimsy.
It is, sorry to offend Mulla Omar and Jacques Chirac* equally with such a small phrase, no big deal.
Not to men, anyway. I am not such a fool to suggest that any wardrobe decision is not a big deal for the woman who makes it.
So what is the obsession that men continue to have with women’s costuming choices? Why are Mulla Omar and Chirac and his gaggle of old French farts so steadfast in their conviction that only they can decide how women should dress?
I have personally never known even one woman who is not perfectly capable of deciding this for herself (OK maybe on some occasions she may require the help of a few close friends and kinswomen, a few hours and a handful of trips to the mall) but the friends she calls to help her choose, astonishing as it may seem, never include illiterate clerics or dyspeptic French politicians.
Every man believes – no, he knows – that his country has the most beautiful women, and the most superior method of oppressing them.
In the east, a woman’s greatest value is as a producer of sons. In the west, her greatest value is as an object of sexual desire. There are women in both east and west who have bought into these respective notions, to varying degrees, and there are women who have rejected them, to varying degrees. But neither east nor west has any room to scold the other without making itself very vulnerable to charges of hypocrisy.
Westerners who ask, why should women cover themselves up, are unable to answer the question, why should women be required to display themselves?
If women in the east find it advantageous to keep themselves swathed in identical black curtains in the workplace, women in the west find it advantageous to adorn themselves and commit strategic discreet displays of flesh, and mortification of same, wearing painful, crippling shoes whose only purpose is to render their visible legs more attractive to men. That and their terrific skills will give them a leg up on that promotion. And the hours spent styling their hair, applying cosmetics, and starving themselves to accomodate the popular standard of beauty and accomodate the constricting waist cinching clothing designed to show off their curves in a pulled together and professional manner, those help too.
The west enjoys putting on a great show of compassion for the little girl who one day is stopped on her way to the playground and told that from now on she must cover herself, but is not so concerned about their own little girls, who from even earlier ages begin to suffer from self-disgust because no matter what they do, they will never be six foot tall blonds who weigh 110 and ten pounds. These little girls even develop what are known as “eating disorders,” attempting to conform, to be worthy of sexual desire, which is how they perceive love.
For their part, their brothers are encouraged to look up for pale yellow, and pay no attention to snapping of devilish black eyes or the rapier wit of the short, plump sister who will never resemble Paris Hilton but might well give Hawking a run for his money, if she is not persuaded to go to business school instead, wearing, of course, professional tailored suits after losing the weight.
Is it any surprise then, that even Arabian women who loathe the princes as much as anybody, would raise an eyebrow at Karen Hughes to ask, and driving cars, you say, is worth THAT?
One of the most offensive aspects of compulsory hijab, aside from its being blatantly un-Islamic (There shall be no compulsion in religion, said the Prophet) is the grave insult to men.
Yes, yes, I know. We are beasts. We are rats. But are we really such beasts, so lacking in even the most rudimentary capacity for self-control, that the very sight of a woman’s face, her knees, whether she be (in our eyes) drop dead beautiful or remind us of grandma, will trigger in us an uncontrollable urge to throw her down and rape her in the dirt?
Are we to be considered so incapable of true love that we cannot even look at, have a conversation, or lunch with a woman without forgetting all about the one to whom we have given our heart? Is it so certain that we will throw away the love of our life, our happiness, simply because this bare-kneed woman whose face we see likes sushi or baseball and our respective spouses do not?
And if we are such subhuman monsters as all that, would that not make us even less qualified than previously argued to dictate to women what they should or should not wear?
It is unlikely that Mr. Chirac would be very enthusiastic if some politician from the Amazon basin passed a law that forbade French women to cover their breasts in public. He might even go so far as to remove his daughters from the public schools before sending them out topless into the streets of Paris.
And if Mulla Omar should ever be captured by pro-literacy militants and learned to actually read the Koran in a language he understands, he might be in for some major surprises.
If you did not click on it earlier, go ahead and read this blogrant as I can feel myself tempted by the stumbling block of duplication of effort. 😉
* google the phrase “France hijab law”
Keep right on inciting him. 😉
Will do!
yes, please. this is truly fascinating. many thanks to DTF for a beautifully written diary.
Cool!!
I have never been so happy to be at fault as I am right now!
😉
Everyone needs to hear this! I am so sick of the self-righteous “oh, no, you are so oppressed, let us help you to be just like us” bleats of idiot American women (and men) who don’t see the oppressive nature of our own society.
I just LOVE this:
I have personally never known even one woman who is not perfectly capable of deciding this for herself (OK maybe on some occasions she may require the help of a few close friends and kinswomen, a few hours and a handful of trips to the mall) but the friends she calls to help her choose, astonishing as it may seem, never include illiterate clerics or dyspeptic French politicians.
Illiterate clerics and dyspeptic French politicians!1 Literally LOL!
that a benefit of being a “woman of size” for virtually all of my life is that I have never had to worry about being valued solely for my sexuality. Only those men in my life who could see beyond appearance and value my entire essence have been graced with the gift of me as a sensual and inventive lover.
I look at the styles that pass for “cutting-edge fashion”, and I almost fall off my chair laughing. Give me my jeans and golf shirts and walking shoes; they’re far more practical for running for buses, romping on the grass with my great-nieces, or curling up to read a good book. I’ll never be in style — they don’t design clothes for fat chicks — but that’s just fine with me. As long as my clothes are comfortable, clean, and I don’t look too sloppy, I’m happy.
I don’t want to look like anyone else — I just want to look like me. 🙂
I used to take the bus into the city to work, and on the route was a community that had an inordinate number of wig-wearing women. When I first moved into the area and started taking this bus line, for months I was afraid I had moved into a cancer cluster. I thought, my god, all these women are on chemo? I finally learned that the town had a very large population of Orthodox Jews. Boy did I feel stupid!
There is no denying that whether we are talking about ancient Nepal or ancient Israel, the covering of women does have an aspect of women as property, as a commercial product that is liable to being stolen or vandalized, and must therefore be kept in protective packaging.
Beyond that, it says that the female beauty is dangerous and must be contained. Because, of course, men are so easily led into temptation, and it is the responsibility of women to curb masculine desire. God forbid that men should be responsible for their own impulse control.
Not to be outdone by the fondness in some Muslim circles of endless and circular debates about hair, face, one eye, two, lace or mesh eyeholes, bare hands or gloves, the latest thing in arcane Jewish headcovering controversy revolves around the burning question of whether virtuous Jewish women can use wigs made of the hair of Hindus, as the hair may have been cut as part of a religious ritual, or brushed against a statue of Shiva or Ganesh, thus polluting said tresses with idolatry.
And people ask me why I refuse to discuss theology without an immoderate quantity of excellent Burgundy.
The wigs I saw were all synthetic, not human hair. Human hair wigs can look very natural. These were not attractive, nor do I think they were intended to be. None of this is a slam on their culture. There are aspects of their way of life that are very beautiful. It just wouldn’t be for me, you understand.
Yet one more reason to shun organized religion. (And I say this as a Jew.) This is the second time today that I’ve made such a statement like so I’ll come down from my soapbox now. < boran2 leaves the building, footsteps heard, fade to black >
Uhh, preview, preview, preview.
…subject, and I agree with some of what you say, but definitely not all.
Today, however, the question of hijab is simply the question of how an individual woman wishes to dress herself, whether for reasons of interpretation of scripture, culture, or sheer whimsy.
I’m sorry, but this statement is simply untrue for more and more of the Muslim world.
My stepdaughter and stepdaughter-in-law both dress hijab, and I would be perfectly happy with this if, indeed, it were their personal choice even though, as you note, there is no (clear) prescription for them to do so in the Koran.
My stepdaughter and stepdaughter-in-law didn’t always dress hijab. In fact, when my stepdaughter first visited the United States from Libya in 2001, she never wore the scarf. Indeed, despite Moammar Gadafi’s frequently murderous behavior, life for women in Libya has been decidedly better than many other places in the Arab world. Women got educations, driver’s licenses; they could serve in the Army, join most professions.
But Gadafi’s incompetent dictatorial rule has, as is the case in many other authoritarian Muslim countries, sparked a vast political shift in Libya, radicalizing young men, 40% of whom are said to be unemployed, although solid statistics are hard to come by.
They see a radical version of Islam as a solution to their country’s many social and economic woes, and they have pushed women (including their sisters) into more and more conservative forms of dress as part of that radicalization. When my wife lived in Libya 1980-83, hijab was a rarity. Now, uncovered hair is the rarity; and women who go out without hijab are, unlike anytime in the past, subject to sharp looks, the Libyan equivalent of tsk-tsk, and being followed by gangs of teenage boys, although no religious police whack them with sticks as was long the case in Iran.
Moreover, sheikhs – and not just the likes of Mullah Omar in the boondocks of Afghanistan – urban sheikhs, regularly advise women that the Koran requires hijab of “good women.” My stepdaughter finally gave into this pressure.
This is true in parts of England, too. My stepdaughter-in-law, who until three months ago, lived in Manchester, was told by a local sheikh that she was a shame to her family and the Prophet for going out with her hair uncovered, “like a prostitute.” Strong words, the kind that makes mincemeat of the idea that dressing or not dressing hijab is “an issue of whimsy.”
I spend considerable time in Indonesia for business and personal reasons, and I have seen a big change there as well over the past decade. Not so long ago, many women on Java, arguably the most Muslim of the bigger islands, did not cover their hair. Today, most do. The place where you see the least hijab is not in the cities, but rather in the back-country, where the older, pre-Islamic tradition is NOT to cover the hair.
In Bali, 98% Hindu, most Muslim women that I saw ten years ago didn’t cover their hair at all. Now, most do.
Somehow, I don’t think this is personal choice.
The French approach to hijab is problematic, in my view, because it doesn’t allow those girls and young women who have truly chosen to dress hijab to do so. But to say they all actually have a personal choice in this matter ignores the fact that “modern” Muslim girls and women in France operate under tremendous pressure in their communities to conform to the most conservative perspectives on how to behave and dress. And they often suffer punishment from their families or community vigilantes for non-conforming.
From a Western point of view, a libertarian point of view, certainly a feminist point of view (or at least the one I subscribe to), it’s all about choice. Women, like men, should be allowed to wear what they wish. If she feels more comfortable in a burqa, and the law does not require it, whose business is it but hers?
From that perspective, I should not be upset that my stepdaughter and stepdaughter-in-law dress hijab. But these two intelligent young women don’t dress this way because they “choose” to, but rather because others have chosen for them, browbeaten them, threatened them with hellfire. Eventually, as they continue living in the States, they may actually exercise a true choice. If their choice includes hijab, I will have no problem with it.
Let me clarify that I did not mean that every pre-Islamic culture practiced head covering, Indonesia is a good example of several diverse cultures that did not. In contrast, desert cultures do, as mentioned in original post. Sand. 😉
I do not disagree with you that some women are pressured to wear hijab, just as some women are pressured to wear high heeled shoes and constricting clothing.
Given that women are all different, it is reasonable to assume that there are women in both east and west who would prefer not to wear blouses, but would face intense disapproval from their families, their employers, the general public, and in many cases, be subject to arrest if they did not. Covering their bosom is not their choice, but a concession to cultural pressure and local law, and one can say the same thing of wearing hijab, or not wearing it, depending on the environment in which the woman lives.
In fairness, men are not immune from this. I am aware of anecdotal instances of men in the west who find neckties uncomfortable and would rather not wear them, but do so because they also face cultural pressure to do so.
You also address an aspect of the question that I omitted, namely the wearing of hijab as a political statement, which as you point out is not a rare phenomenon these days, and I acknowledge that it is especially displeasing to many westerners.
We cannot know whether a woman wearing hijab, or high heeled shoes, or a man wearing a necktie, is doing so for reasons of religion, cultural pressure, as a political gesture, or simple personal preference (whimsy).
Someone from the east may see a woman with uncovered head in a western city and feel sorry for her that she is obliged by her culture to display herself in such a way. Someone from another culture may see her and feel sorry for her that she is obliged by her society to wear so many clothes even though the day is hot and humid.
What we can work toward, however, is understanding that clothing choices in an ideal world would be exactly that – choices – and that conformity to culture, or refusal to do so, is not limited to one ethnic or religious group.
I hope this is coherent. I have had no coffee yet!
between wearing a blouse and wearing head coverings — wearing a head covering is a specific religious requirement and to not wear it can be seen as a failure to obey religious tenets. A woman may harm her feet wearing high heels but no one will accuse her of having violated her religious beliefs.
And regardless of the whether the decision is freely made, I find it difficult to separate the act from the rationale behind it (which is manifested in much more than just head coverings) — women’s actions and behaviors are restricted in order to allow men to act freely. I always think of this Gold Meir quote in response to a suggestion that assaults against women could be prevented by a curfew for women: It’s the men who are attacking the women. If there’s to be a curfew, let the men stay at home, not the women.
And wearing a blouse is … ?
the same as a man wearing shirt and trousers. It doesn’t have any religious significance.
a non-member of the Yanomani tribe, or any of a number of ethnicities and cultures where blouses for women are not the convention of dress.
Granted, there are not a lot of such groups left, due in large part to the efforts of Christian Missionaries. 🙂
The Koran does actually say that women should cover their bosoms, but I will bet you dollars to doughnuts that if you collect a random sample of women of Jewish or Christian or any other faith, and suggest to them that they discontinue the practice of oppressive blouse wearing, a healthy chunk will cite religious principles in their refusal to do so.
Others will refuse because they, like you, were raised in cultures where ladies wear blouses.
And you have millions of sisters in other parts of the world who were raised in cultures where ladies cover their heads.
Meanwhile, the people raised in cultures where ladies cover neither bosom nor head are likely to disagree with your assertion that blouse and hijab wearing are such very different subjects!
First, I wasn’t singling out the hajib – which was why I specifically said hair covering. Orthodox Judaism and many forms of Christianity have very specific dress, and behavior codes for and religious dogma about women that are based on controlling them and placing them in a subordinate position both religiously and socially. I’m not as familiar with Islam but I believe that it does as well.
As a non-religious person the amount of skin I show is pretty much left to my own discretion within the limits of the decency laws of this country. I can’t go naked but neither can you; we’ll both be arrested if we do. The amount and type of skin women can show in terms of social conventions without being seen as sluts changes constantly both over time and place. Those set by religion tend to be much more constant and the castigation more precise and severe. And while sexualizing women may be a part of western culture, no one will actually suggest that I have to dress or behave in a sexualizing way. Specific rules of behavior are an integral part of organized religion.
I don’t support any attempt to ojbectify women, no matter what culture or religion is doing it. I don’t support any attempt to control women or deny them autonomy, no matter what culture or religion is doing it. I am, by the way, a non-practicing Jew and one of the reasons I would not continue to be a believer is because of the patriarchial attitudes of the religion.
I can respect that people have different beliefs and that those beliefs are sincerely held but I am not obligated to support beliefs which I find to be in conflict with my own.
differ. You may be comfortable with the laws that require you to cover certain parts of your anatomy, and you may consider that those laws are not based in either religion or sexism and not find them oppressive at all, since they do not conflict with your personal preference or cultural reference.
Someone else might have a different view. They might consider that those decency laws have nothing to do with decency at all, and that it is in fact oppressing women to require them to wear a blouse, but not requiring a man to wear a shirt.
Others might see it even another way, and ask how your country can say it has decency laws when women are not required to cover their legs, or their heads, or both.
And all will heartily agree with your assertion that they are not obligated (or in the case of legal prohibitions) should not be obligated to support beliefs that they find in conflict with their own.
and I am certain that there is a good deal of sexism and religion behind western culture’s ideas of decency. As I’ve already pointed out I am not talking about a specific culture or religion. To reiterate my point, the rationales behind many of the religious beliefs of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (and I’m sure many other religions) are meant specifically to control women’s behavior, actions, and sexuality, and to place women in a subordinate position. he actual specifics (wig, hajib, bonnet) aren’t important — it’s what that rationale for them that matters but I don’t see how to separate one from the other.
objectification, women as property, cover them up, strip them down, over the centuries it becomes internalized, so that women accept being obliged to wear more clothes than their brothers here, being told not to wear so many clothes there, cover this up, let that show…
My point is that it does not matter what costume customs are rooted in religion, sexism, or both, because it is hard to find any that are not, with the afore-mentioned exception of cultures who have not been inculcated with the notion that the human body itself, especially the female body, is somehow a shameful, bad thing, and that men must be protected from savage instincts over which we have no control, bless our hearts, if we see an ankle, bosom, face, knee, navel, whatever, we will be unable to stop ourselves from ravishing the dangerous temptresses, and thus find ourselves guilty of a property crime.
Now even Chirac or Mulla Omar are likely to state all that so plainly, what we have today is just plain old culture war, tribal rivalry, gang conflict, our colors are better than your colors, our customs are better than yours, our way of oppressing our women is superior.
Which, as I predicted, brings us naturally to the question, if US was so concerned about the plight of Afghan women, how come they gave the guns only to men?
😀
iron my face, but my clothes need ironing first and I have to pack lunches for school and and sort through homework…..I’m tired out before I even hit the door to take people to school. Where’s my damn burkha? I’ll just put a little mascara on and BOOM mysterious and alluring without even having to shower!
Iron? You iron? I gave it up. Well, except for special occasions.
The french law prohibiting head coverings in public schools is mis-represented fairly often here. I have mostly heard and read it described it as a ban on Muslim girls wearing headscarves in school. Occasionally a ban on yarmulkes for Jews and large crosses for Christians is also mentioned.
Of course, Muslim girls may not wear yarmulkes, and little Jewish boys cannot wear large crosses. The big picture is important.
Also, I think it is important to point out that with the ban in place, families would seem to be prone to send their children to schools where intolerance is more likely to be preached.
to the way it was presented.
Ostensibly, the politicians wished to encourage people to conform to French customs of dress. In reality, however, even politicians are not so stupid.
Obviously people who feel strongly about hijab will send their children to private schools, thus making it extremely unlikely that any “assimilation” will occur, and it has the added benefit of pleasing that sector of the French population that does not like to be reminded of just how many Muslims live in France every time they go out (wearing blouses) to buy bread. 😉